Abstract
Legalising proceeds of crime has been criminalised since 1995 in Poland when the Protection of Economic Turnover Act came in force. The trouble was that no one had an idea what it was. Few cases were investigated and most of tchem were dismissed by the court. The necessary studies became inevitable in order to measure the phenomenon. There have been two major fields of research concerning the money laundering issue: the methods of legalising proceeds of crime and building and organising anti-money laundering regime in Poland. The first issue refers to the problem of the phenomenology of money laundering. It covers studies of criminal cases in order to analyse methods used by the launderers. The experts are trying to answer several basic questions: how the proceeds of crime are being legalised, which financial and non-financial institutions are abused, how much money is being laundered. is there a method typical for Poland, etc. The second field of research covers the functioning of the anti-money laundering regime in Poland. The Polish financial intelligelce unit has been established scarcely in 2001. It is still under construction due to changes of international standards, as well as due to the improverment of existing regulations. There is some research concerning the following issues: how obliged institutions fulfil statutory obligations, how their employees are prepared to execute them, is the system efficient, etc. The author presents the results of the studies conducted so far referring to both areas. He shows a diagnosis of the Polish situation in that regard. He also suggests some new untouched areas. As the last point, the author included some case studies. They are examples of criminal cases concerning money laundering in Poland.
References
- Baloun V., Scheinost M., Economy and crime in the society in transition. The Czech Republic case [w:] P. van Duyne, K. von Lampe, N. Passas (red.), Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-border Crime, Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen 2002.
- Bessozi C., Illegal markets and organized crime in Switzerland; A critical assessment [w:] C. Fijnaut, L. Paoli (red.), Organised Crime in Europe. Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond, Springer, Dordrecht 2004.
- Buczkowski K., Wojtaszek M., Pranie pieniędzy, Oficyna Naukowa, Warszawa 2000.
- Filipkowski W., Zwalczanie przestępczości zorganizowanej w aspekcie finansowym, Kantor Wydawniczy Zakamycze, Kraków 2004.
- Goméz-Céspedes A., Stangeland P., Spain. The flourishing illegal drug haven in Europe [w:] C. Fijnaut, L. Paoli (red.), Organised Crime in Europe. Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond, Springer, Dordrecht 2004.
- Guzik-Makaruk E.M., Filipkowski W., System przeciwdziałania i zwalczania procederu prania pieniędzy – ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli instytucji obowiązanych [w:] E. W. Pływaczewski (red.), Przestępczość zorganizowana, Świadek koronny. Terroryzm w ujęciu praktycznym, Kantor Wydawniczy Zakamycze, Kraków 2005.
- Jasiński W., Pranie brudnych pieniędzy, Poltext, Warszawa 1998.
- Lampe K. von, Afterword. Organized crime research in Perspective [w:] P. van Duyne, K. von Lampe, N. Passas (red.), Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-border Crime, Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen 2002.
- Levi M., Following the criminals and terrorist money trials [w:] P. van Duyne K. von Lampe, N. Passas (red.), Upperworld and Underworld in Cross-border Crime, Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen 2002.
- Pływaczewski E., Filipkowski W., The development of organized crime policies in Poland. From socialist regime to 'Rechtstaat’ [w:] C. Fijnaut, L. Paoli (red.), Organised Crime in Europe. Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond, Springer, Dordrecht 2004.
- Pływaczewski E., Organised crime in Poland. Its development from ‘real socialism’ to present times [w:] C. Fijnaut, L. Paoli (red.), Organised Crime in Europe. Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond, Springer, Dordrecht 2004.
- Pływaczewski E., Poland. Counteracting money laundering in Central Europe, ,,Journal of Money Laundering Control” 2000, t. 4, nr 1.
- Potakowski D., Korelacje między przestępczością skarbową a praniem pieniędzy i ich wpływ na jakość zwalczania zorganizowanych grup przestępczych w Polsce – raport z badań [w:] S. Lelental, D. Potakowski (red.), Pozbawianie sprawców korzyści uzyskanych w wyniku przestępstwa, Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie, Szczytno 2004.
- Savona E.U., European Money Trials, Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1999.
- Sieńczyło-Chlabicz J., Filipkowski W., The Polish financial intelligence unit. A new institution in the Polish legal system, ,,Journal of Money Laundering Control” 2001, t. 5, nr 2.
- Stefański R.A., Pranie pieniędzy i korupcja w systemie bankowym (analiza praktyki) [w:], J.C. Ferré Olivé, E.Musco, J.A. Cabral, B. Kunicka-Michalska i in., Delitos financieros, fraude y corrupción en Europa, t. II, Blanqueo de dinero y corrupción en el sistema bancario, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca 2002.
- Wójcik J.W., Przeciwdziałanie praniu pieniędzy, Kantor Wydawniczy Zakamycze, Kraków 2004.